The Red River Valley of Eastern Kentucky contains cultural remains that point to the independent development of agriculture over two thousand years prior to the introduction of maize. The objective of this study is to gather quantitative data through the chemical and physical analysis of soils collected within a valley transect to gain insights into landscape processes and soil fertility. Specifically, relate modern soil fertility values to the central place foraging theory. National Cooperative Soil Survey standards were used for field descriptions and the chemical and physical analysis of all samples. Fertility values such as CEC (ammonium acetate pH 7), pH (1:1 soil, water), available P (bicarbonate), organic C and N (dry combustion), and total elemental analysis (ICAP) are plotted versus landscape position to identify soils suitable for food plots. Paleoclimatic data and pollen core analyses conducted by other researchers is used to determine if modern soil fertility values can be used as a proxy for past soil fertility. Relative soil age indicators such as extractible iron (citrate-dithionite method), B horizon thickness, and clay content (pipette method) were determined to interpret landscape processes and the relative age of some unique landforms within the region. Initial field morphology and preliminary laboratory data indicate that in addition to the soils of the valley floor, hillside benches may have been adequate for Native American food plots. This study provides quantitative data that can be used to determine the likely location of food plots in relation to permanent settlements. Relative soil ages can help delineate landscape processes that may also have played a role in determining food plot location.