Pimple mounds are circular to elliptical domes with basal diameters ranging from 3 to more than 30 m, and heights of 30 cm to more than 2 m above intermound levels.  For almost two centuries, the origin of these features has been speculated upon by scientists without general consensus as to one of over 30 different mechanisms suggested for their origin.  These soil microfeatures can be observed throughout portions of East Texas as well as Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.  Pimple mounds have been extensively mapped throughout East Texas as complexes covering over 1.0 million ha in 47 soil survey areas.  About 600,000 ha are on Pleistocene-age geological formations.

The current study focuses on 5,500 ha in Leon County, Texas, mapped as Rader-Derly complex and Derly-Rader complex.  Rader (Aquic Paleustalfs) is on mounds and Derly (Typic Glossaqualfs) in the low intermounds.  These soils are mapped primarily on terraces of the Trinity River system within the survey area.  Using elevation levels published for the various fluviatile terrace deposits of the Trinity River, six groups (five terrace level groups and an upland group) were identified for analysis of mounds within the study area.  Processes and factors of soil formation during the life of these features are considered using two methods – remotely sensed elevation data and sampling data collected in the field.  Size, shape, and relief of mounds were analyzed using airborne-based remotely sensed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) elevation data.  Particle size distributions and pedon descriptions of mounds formed on materials of various ages are compared across the study area with special emphasis given to possible spatial trends.  Observations indicate a fluvial origin with pimple mound orientation corresponding to surrounding ridge and swale features of the ancient Trinity River.