Pablo J. Ghiberto, Osvaldo Felli, Miguel A. Pilatti, and Silvia Imhoff. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 2805 Kreder Street, Esperanza, Argentina
Soil compaction due to pressures exerted by animal trampling is comparable with those exerted by agriculture machinery. Those pressures are even higher when the animal is moving due to the kinetic energy and because the animal weight is distributed on a small area (the hoofs). Higher stoking rates have been found to be more detrimental to soil physical properties than lower stoking rates. Increases in the stoking rates have been associated with lower soil hydraulic conductivities, higher soil bulk densities, and higher soil strengths. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different cow stoking rates on the hydraulic conductivity (K) of an Entic Haplustoll in the Catamarca State (lat. 28ºS, long. 65ºW, altitude 850 m). Two areas with different particle size distribution were chosen to compare three situations: High Stoking Rates (HSR), intermediate stoking rates (ISR), and Low Stoking Rates (LSR). One area has 23% clay, 54% silt, and 23% sand (area 1); the other has 15% clay, 49% silt, and 36% sand (area 2). K was measured with tension-infiltrometers in the tensions (t) of 0 kPa (K0), 0.15 kPa (K0.15), and 0.3 kPa (K0.3). The measurements were done in each treatment (HSR, ISR, LSR) in the A horizon, being carried out 6 repetitions for each tension. The K data were log-normally distributed according to the Shapiro-Wilks test (W > 0.9). The variance analysis and the means comparison (LSD test, a = 5%) between treatments (HSR, ISR, LSR) were carried out for each tension with the log-transformed data. In the area 1, K0 was significantly higher in LSR (45 mm h-1) than in ISR (16 mm h-1) and HSR treatments (8 mm h-1). These last treatments did not differ between them. At the t = 0.15, K0.15 was significantly higher in LSR (14 mm h-1) and ISR (11 mm h-1) than in HSR (6 mm h-1). There were no significant differences of K between LSR (8 mm h-1), ISR (5 mm h-1) and HSR (4 mm h-1) at t = 0.30. In the area 2, at t = 0, K was significantly higher in LSR (29 mm h-1) and ISR (25 mm h-1) than in HSR (12 mm h-1). At t = 0.15, K was higher in LSR (16 mm h-1) and ISR (17 mm h-1) than in HSR (8 mm h-1). There were no significant differences of K between LSR (7 mm h-1), ISR (11 mm h-1) and HSR (5 mm h-1) at t = 0.30. The results emphasize the importance of preventing the degradation of big pores, especially of those of equivalent radio greater than 1000 mm, because they are the most important for the rapid water flow. In the ISR and HSR treatments, the water conduction capacity of these pores decreased between 30 and 90%.
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