281-10 Natural and off-Road-Vehicle-Generated Dust Containing Palygorskite and Arsenic: Health Effects Due to Acute Exposure, Nellis Dunes Recreation Area, Nevada USA.



Tuesday, October 18, 2011: 11:00 AM
Henry Gonzalez Convention Center, Room 212B, Concourse Level

Brenda Buck1, Deborah Soukup1, Dirk Goossens1, Brett McLaurin2, Deborah Keil3, Margie Peden-Adams4, Steve Proper5, Yuanxin Teng1, Dirk Baron6 and April Ulery7, (1)Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada - Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
(2)Geography and Geosciences, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA
(3)Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
(4)Harry Reid Center, University of Nevada - Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
(5)Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
(6)Department of Geology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA
(7)Plant and Environmental Scienes, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM
Exposure to particulate matter is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity, asthma, lung cancer, inflammation and increased mortality. In the USA, the largest single source of both PM10 and PM2.5 is road dust. For over 40 years, the Nellis Dunes Recreation Area (NDRA) in southern NV has been heavily used for off-road vehicle (ORV) recreation with an estimated 300,000+ drivers per year. Our research shows that wind erosion is greatest in the sandy areas and ORV emissions are greatest in the silty and rock-covered areas. ORV emissions increase exponentially with driving speed, and are highest for 4-wheelers. On an annual basis, ORV-generated emissions equal natural dust emissions. Extremely high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic are present. To our knowledge, no previous study has reported As concentrations in airborne dust from natural surfaces as high as those found in this study: PM10 up to 290 ppm; PM60 up to 312 ppm. Water-soluble arsenic is as high as 14.7 ppm. The dust also contains palygorskite, which commonly crystallizes in an asbestiform morphology. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that palygorskite fibers greater than 5 μm in length are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Emission rates for arsenic were calculated for all surface types in NDRA. Sandy areas have the potential to emit the greatest amount of arsenic-containing dust during windy conditions, whereas specific silt, rock-covered, and silty sand units have the highest arsenic emissions during ORV activities. In vivo experiments were conducted in mice to examine the immunotoxicological and histopathological effects following 3 daily exposures to dust samples from 3 surface types. Suppression of humoral immunity and splenic T-lymphocytes were the most sensitive parameters affected. Toxicology and human exposure data will be collected to define site-specific parameters for probabilistic modeling of human health risks.
See more from this Division: S09 Soil Mineralogy
See more from this Session: Symposium--Minerals, Nanoparticles, and Health: I