Carbon-Nitrogen Mineralization in Highly Weathered Coastal Plain Ultisols: Effect of Switchgrass Biochars with Supplemental Nitrogen.

Research has shown organic residues added to soils to improve soil organic carbon content and fertility levels of highly weathered Ultisols in the southeastern Coastal Plain region have made minimum gains because materials decompose easily due to the region’s warm climate and abundant rainfall. There is still a need to pursue additional research that will improve our understanding on the impact of soil fertility enhancement because the effect could vary greatly between switchgrass (Panicum virgatum, L) residues (USG) and switchgrass biochars (SG). We hypothesized that SG with supplemental nitrogen (N) would deliver more positive effects on carbon (C) and N mineralization than USG. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of USG and SG, with or without supplemental inorganic N fertilizer on C and N mineralization in highly weathered Coastal Plain Ultisols. The application rate of 40 Mg ha^-1 for SG and USG was based on a corn yield goal of 12 metric ton ha^-1. Inorganic N was added at the rate of 100 kg N ha^-1, also based on a corn yield of 12 metric ton ha^-1. Experimental treatments were: control (CONT) soil; control with N (CONT+N); switchgrass residues (USG); USG with N (USG+N); switchgrass biochars at 250^oC (250SG); SG at 250^oC with N (250SG+N); SG at 500^oC (500SG); and SG at 500^oC with N (500SG+N). Cumulative and net CO₂-C evolution was increased by the additions of SG and USG especially when supplemented with N. Soils treated with 250SG (8.6 mg kg^-1) had the least concentration of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) while the greatest amount of TIN was observed from the CONT+N (19.0 mg kg^-1). Our results suggest that application of SG in the short term may cause N immobilization resulting in the reduction of TIN.