Physiological Activity and Biomass Production in Crop Canopy Under a Tropical Environment in Soybean Cultivars with Temperate and Tropical Origins.

In order to explore the plant factors facilitating better adaptation of soybean to high temperatures, genotypic variability till the beginning of seed filling (R5) were examined with reference to biomass production, relative transpiration activity and relevant plant factors under a tropical environment. Twenty-nine cultivars (2014 and 2015) and 20 cultivars (2016) with five groups of origins—temperate regions (Japan and USA) and tropics (Indonesia-old, Indonesia-modern, and others)—were grown in Serang, Banten (2014 and 2015), Exp. 1 and Bogor, West Java (2016), Indonesia, Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, aboveground biomass at R5 (TDW_R5) of temperate cultivars was one-third to one-fourth of that in the tropical cultivars. This was associated with less than half the amount of the cumulative intercepted radiation to R5 (CIR_R5) due to their shorter growth duration. In addition, the mean fraction of canopy light interception till R5 (mean F_VE-R5) was lower in temperate cultivars than in tropical cultivars, reflecting the difference in the duration of leaf canopy development, though the speed of F increase within four weeks after planting did not differ across origin groups. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) at R5 of the temperate cultivars was also as low as 0.54 g MJ^-1, as compared to 0.87 g MJ^-1 in the tropical cultivars. The value of canopy temperature minus air temperature (CTd), as an indicator of relative transpiration activity, of temperate cultivars was markedly larger than that of the tropical cultivars, indicating lower transpiration activity in temperate cultivars, which was associated with the low RUE. In Exp. 2, greater activity of tropical cultivars was attributed to higher stomatal conductance (g_s) and greater stomatal density (N_stoma) than that in those from the temperate regions. These results indicate that low biomass production in temperate cultivars occurs not only due to the cumulative intercepted radiation in the canopy but also due to low RUE and that the low RUE in temperate cultivars is associated with low gas exchange activity, in which leaf morphological traits are involved. Within temperate cultivars, US cultivars tended to perform better than the Japanese cultivars with respect to gas exchange activity.